Hwaseong Fortress was an urban project, not only filial devotion

King Jeongjo built Hwaseong from 1794 to 1796 after moving his father’s tomb, but filial devotion was only one layer. Fortress, palace, roads, commerce and a military organization formed a political and economic city project documented through plans, materials and named workers. Check dated official sources, use public routes, respect residents and workers, and keep uncertain origins or future plans labeled as such.